9. Stock-Based Payments

 

2016 Stock Incentive Plan

 

The 2016 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2016 Plan”) was adopted by the board of directors on December 15, 2015 and approved by the stockholders on June 17, 2016, and became effective on July 6, 2016 upon the closing of the IPO. The 2016 Plan replaced the 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2012 Plan"). Any options or awards outstanding under the 2012 Plan remained outstanding and effective. Under the 2016 Plan, the Company may grant incentive stock options, nonstatutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units and other stock-based awards. The number of shares of the Company’s common stock reserved for issuance under the 2016 Plan will automatically increase on January 1 of each calendar year, commencing on January 1, 2017 and ending on December 31, 2025, in an amount equal to the least of (i) 1,600,000 shares of common stock, (ii) 4.0% of the outstanding shares of common stock as of such date, or (iii) such lesser amount as specified by the compensation committee of the board of directors. This number is subject to adjustment in the event of a stock split, stock dividend or other change in the Company’s capitalization. For the calendar year beginning January 1, 2017, the number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2016 Plan was increased by 935,430 shares. At September 30, 2017,  3,086,970 shares remained available for future issuance under the 2016 Plan. Under the 2016 Plan, stock options may not be granted at less than fair value on the date of grant.

 

Terms of stock option agreements, including vesting requirements, are determined by the board of directors, subject to the provisions of the 2016 Plan. Stock option awards granted by the Company generally vest over four years, with 25% vesting on the first anniversary of the vesting commencement date and 75% vesting ratably, on a monthly basis, over the remaining three years. Such awards are exercisable from the date of grant for a period of ten years. The Company may grant performance-based stock option awards for which vesting accelerates upon the achievement of performance-based milestones. For certain of such awards, notwithstanding any vesting in accordance with the achievement of performance-based milestones, such awards may vest in full on the sixth anniversary of the vesting commencement date.

 

2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan 

 

The 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2016 ESPP”) was adopted by the board of directors on December 15, 2015 and approved by the stockholders on June 17, 2016, and became effective on July 6, 2016 upon the closing of the IPO. The number of shares of the Company’s common stock reserved for issuance under the 2016 ESPP will automatically increase on the first day of each fiscal year, commencing on January 1, 2017 and ending on December 31, 2025, in an amount equal to the least of (i) 1,173,333 shares of the Company’s common stock, (ii) 1.0% of the total number of shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding on the first day of the applicable year, and (iii) an amount determined by the Company’s board of directors. For the calendar year beginning January 1, 2017, the number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2016 ESPP was increased by 233,857 shares. At September 30, 2017, 820,523 shares remained available for future issuance under the 2016 ESPP. 

 

Stock Options

 

Performance-Based Stock Options

 

The Company has granted stock options to management for which vesting accelerates upon the achievement of performance-based criteria. Milestone events are specific to the Company’s corporate goals, including but not limited to certain preclinical and clinical development milestones and the Company’s ability to execute on its corporate development and financing strategies. Stock-based compensation expense associated with these performance-based stock options is recognized based on the accelerated attribution model. Management evaluates when the achievement of a performance-based milestone is probable based on the expected satisfaction of the performance conditions as of the reporting date. Notwithstanding any vesting in accordance with the achievement of performance-based milestones, such awards vest in full on the sixth anniversary of the vesting commencement date. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, the Company did not record any additional stock-based compensation expense related to the achievement of performance-based milestones. As of September 30, 2017, there was $0.6 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the performance-based stock options granted to management, with an expected recognition period of 2.7 years.

 

During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company granted options to purchase 75,000 shares of common stock to an advisor for which the vesting accelerates upon the achievement of performance-based criteria. As of September 30, 2017, no such performance-based criteria were achieved. As of September 30, 2017, there was $1.0 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to these options, with an expected recognition period of 9.0 years.

 

A summary of the status of stock options as of December 31, 2016 and September 30, 2017 and changes during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 is presented below:

 

 

The intrinsic value of options exercised during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was $4.1 million.

 

Restricted Common Stock

 

From time to time, upon approval by the Company’s board of directors, certain employees and advisors have been granted restricted shares of common stock with time- and performance-based vesting criteria. These shares of restricted stock are subject to repurchase rights. Accordingly, the Company has recorded the proceeds from the issuance of restricted stock as a liability in the condensed consolidated balance sheets included as a component of accrued expenses or other long term liabilities based on the scheduled vesting dates. The restricted stock liability is reclassified into stockholders’ equity as the restricted stock vests over time or upon the achievement of performance.

 

A summary of the status of unvested restricted common stock as of December 31, 2016 and changes during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 is presented below:

 

 

 

Stock-based Compensation Expense

 

The fair value of each stock option granted was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model based on the following weighted-average assumptions:

 

 

The weighted‑average grant date fair value per share of options granted in the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 was $8.69 and $8.53, respectively.

 

The following table summarizes the stock-based compensation expense for stock options and restricted common stock granted to employees and non-employees recorded in the Company’s statements of operations:

 

 

As of September 30, 2017, there was $11.5 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options granted to employees, excluding those option grants subject to the achievement of performance milestones, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.7 years.